Radiation Exposure in Malaysian Communities: A Narrative Review of Sources, Health Risks and Mitigation Strategies.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.70672/dgaq1486Keywords:
Background radiation, health risks, mitigation, radiation awareness, radition exposure, radiation sourcesAbstract
Radiation exposure in Malaysia arises from natural and anthropogenic sources. Granite and Silurian-Triassic-Devonian geological backgrounds showed the highest radioactivity concentrations and terrestrial gamma radiation dose rate (TGDR) with Ipoh, Perak recording the highest mean value of 295 ± 1 nGy/h. Atmospheric conditions and variations in monsoon wind patterns also contributed to the amount of natural background radiation in Malaysia communities. Other than radiation exposure from medical devices, some Malaysian communities are also exposed to radiation from tin-tailing processing plants and radiological hazards associated with the rare earth element (REE) industry, especially for workers and communities living in industrial areas. At the Lynas Advanced Material Plant, thorium activity in water leach purification residue (6,727.64 Bq/kg) was reported to be 6.7 times the IAEA safety threshold for radioactive waste (1000 Bq/kg), with approximately 1.2 million metric tons of residue generated between 2012 and 2023. The well-being of Malaysian communities is potentially at risk if adequate control and safety measures are not strictly implemented. This includes continuous accurate monitoring, consistent application of protective measures and personal dosimeters, as well as adherence to established safety guidelines. Awareness activities and risk communication to Malaysian communities are also important, especially in reaching the indigenous groups and those with low proficiency in the Malay language. In mitigating these risks, various approaches can be implemented by taking into consideration the safety of any individual involved, cost-effectiveness, advances in current technology, and current guidelines and regulations. This is essential to promote sustainable communities and the environment, hence enhancing overall Malaysian well-being and quality of life.
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