Involving Men in Women's Health: A Qualitative Study of Male Staff Perceptions of Cervical Cancer at a Private University in Malaysia.

Abstract

Background: In Malaysia, cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer affecting women, following breast, intestinal, and lung cancers. The Pap smear is essential for early detection, and yet uptake remains below the WHO-recommended target of 70%. Many studies have examined why women do not undergo screening; however, few studies have explored men’s perspectives, representing an important research gap. This study investigates men’s awareness, knowledge, and perceptions of cervical cancer and their roles in supporting its prevention. Methods: A qualitative design was employed, involving three focus group discussions (FGDs) with 13 male participants. Semi-structured interviews were conducted until thematic data saturation was reached. Results: Participants exhibited diverse levels of awareness, with only a few demonstrating accurate knowledge of cervical cancer risk factors and the causal link to human papillomavirus (HPV). Misconceptions were prevalent, with several attributing the disease to lifestyle, diet, or hygiene. Although cervical cancer was widely acknowledged as a serious women’s health issue, knowledge about prevention methods, including Pap smears and HPV vaccination, was inconsistent. While many men expressed willingness to support female family members emotionally, financially, and physically, cultural norms, religious beliefs, and socio-demographic factors posed significant barriers to open discussions and involvement. Conclusion: Health education strategies should shift toward inclusive approaches that actively engage men and couples. Strengthening men's awareness and involvement represents a crucial step toward increasing screening uptake and advancing cervical cancer elimination efforts in Malaysia.